ABSTRACT: Instrumental measurement of voice attempts to make objective, quantifiable measurements of vocal characteristics and examine the physiology of phonation. Acoustic analysis is commonly carried out by speech therapists. The Praat software program assists with the analysis, synthesis, and manipulation of speech. This article discusses a brief protocol for performing acoustic analysis.
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There are three main procedures for assessing potential voice disorders:
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instrumental measurement
This article provides an outline of procedure 3 – instrumental measurement.
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There are many high technology instruments available for assisting the assessment of voice. Many, perhaps the majority, are used not by voice therapists per se but by suitably qualified physiologists, radiographers, and Ear, Nose and Throat surgeons. There are too many to be considered in detail here, so I will briefly outline three instrumental techniques with which most people will likely have some familiarity. I will then focus on a discussion of acoustic analysis.
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These instruments allow us to visualize the internal structure of the vocal tract. Radiography – which uses X-rays – is probably the most well known technique. A related technique is videofluoroscopy, which is popularly used to image swallowing and is now regularly used in the assessment of dysphagia. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses magnetism rather than X-rays to visualize internal structures that may not be readily visualized with X-rays. There are several other instruments and techniques, each with their advantages and disadvantages, but the common feature is their ability to visualize internal body structures. Owing to the highly specialized nature of this technique it is typically carried out by suitably qualified radiographers.
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When a muscle contracts a small electrical current is produced which is typically proportional to the strength of the muscle activity. EMG measures this electrical activity of muscles. There are two types. Surface EMG involves placing two electrodes on the skin overlying the muscles to be investigated. Intramuscular EMG involves inserting a small needle electrode into the muscle itself. In both instances, the electrical activity is typically displayed on an oscilloscope. This technique has limited application but does assist in detecting levels of laryngeal muscle tension and may be used in cases of identified vocal fold paralysis. EMG is typically carried out by trained physiologists or physicians.
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This is a non-invasive device that measures the contact between the vocal folds. Two electrodes are placed either side of the larynx and a small electrical current is passed between them. As the vocal folds open (abduct) and close (adduct) (see anatomy of the larynx), the resistance to the flow of the current alters. The variations in resistance are displayed as an image on a computer screen which represents the movement/contacts of the vocal folds. This technique is also useful in gathering information about the fundamental frequency of the voice, and the voice quality. Unlike vocal tract imaging and EMG techniques, electroglottography is commonly carried out by voice therapists (speech therapists).
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Acoustic analysis is, in some ways, the objective counterpart of perceptual assessment of voice, in that it measures several of the same vocal characteristics that are explored using just auditory perception, e.g. pitch, pitch range, loudness, degree of hoarseness. Measurements can be made by dedicated instruments which are designed for a particular task(s) (e.g. a sound level meter, which displays the intensity level of speech sounds; a spectrogram, which displays the frequency and intensity of single speech sounds, syllables, words or connected speech) or by integrated software programs capable of measuring and displaying several parameters at once (e.g. KayPENTAX’s Computerized Speech Lab (CSL)).
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One integrated package that I have used in my clinics for several years is Praat. Written by Paul Boersma and David Weenink at the University of Amsterdam, Praat is a computer program with which you can analyze, synthesize, and manipulate speech. It also has an in-built Voice Report tool. It is available for many different computer operating systems and can be downloaded for free from http://www.praat.org/.
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When conducting any formal assessment/measurement it is important to follow a protocol, i.e. a standard procedure for systematically gathering the relevant data which will subsequently be used to describe and quantify the voice characteristics. There is insufficient space here to describe the protocol I use in detail. However, I always record the client phonating long sustained vowels in isolation and also performing so-called solo connected speech, as follows:
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